OX40 and other immunoregulatory molecules are highly expressed on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in oral, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

OX40 is a potent co-stimulatory receptor on the surface of T lymphocytes. An OX40 agonist was recently tested in a Phase I clinical trial and was found to be well tolerated and enhanced both humoral and cellular immunity in patients with metastatic cancer. Both PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade are showing therapeutic clinical activity in late stage cancer patients. Hence, we hypothesize that the immune suppressed tumor microenvironment that characterizes oral, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (OHNSCC) can be overcome by strategies that favor antitumor inflammatory T cell responses and may be an ideal tumor site for immune modulation. This investigation aims to provide a better understanding of the expression of OX40, PD-1, CTLA-4 and CD103 in OHNSCC tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Additionally we evaluated whether phenotypic differences existed in patients with HPV positive vs. negative status.